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When asked about the most influential scientists in history, many people talk about Einstein, Darwin, Galileo, or Newton. However, these European scientists were influenced by their predecessors, the Arabic scholars (and Arab scientists) who advanced science and technology during Europe’s cultural decline during the Dark Ages (5th to 15th centuries). ), few would mention how they were indebted to them.
The passing of the scientific baton is often overlooked due to the Crusades conflict, and it is possible that many Renaissance scholars later downplayed or covered up connections to the Middle East for political and religious reasons. “There are,” he says.Ethan Massoud, who wrote this book science and islam.
10. Hassan ibn al-Haytham, mathematician Basra, Iraq (965 – 1040)
Al Haitham is considered one of the founders of modern optics. Ptolemy and Aristotle theorized that either light comes from the eyes and illuminates objects, or light comes from the objects themselves. But Al-Haytham suggested that light travels to the eye as rays from different points on an object.
But al-Haytham’s illustrious career ended abruptly when he foolishly promised the rulers of Cairo that he could stop the Nile from flooding by building a dam in Aswan. Unable to do so, he feigned insanity to avoid persecution. Ironically, his dam-building plans were implemented hundreds of years later, when the capabilities of ergonomics caught up with his vision, in the same location he originally proposed.
9. Omar Khayyam, Mathematician Neyshapur, Iran (1048 – 1131)
Khayyam calculated the length of the solar year to ten decimal places, with an error of only one second compared to modern calculations. He used this to create a calendar that is considered more accurate than the Gregorian calendar, which appeared 500 years later.
His passion for science and interpersonal skills allow him to be classified as one of the world’s first great science communicators. He is said to have convinced Sufi theologians that the world revolves on its axis.
8. Al-Battani, Mathematician Harran, Türkiye (858 – 929)
Although first conceptualized in ancient Greece, al-Battani further developed trigonometry as a separate branch of mathematics, developing relationships such as tanø=sinø/cosø. His driving force was to gain the ability to locate Mecca from a specific geographical point, and to assist in Islamic rituals such as burials and prayers that required participants to face the holy site. .
7. Al Rajhi, medical researcher Rey, near Tehran, Iran (865 – 920)
Al-Razi identified fever as part of the body’s defenses and was the first to describe the symptoms and pathology of smallpox and measles.
He also challenged accepted medical theories regarding “bleeding”, a widely practiced healing technique. To demonstrate a well-designed experimental method, meningitis patients were randomly divided into a treatment group to which “bleeding” was applied and a control group to which it was not. Despite his efforts, the “bleeding” group showed greater recovery.
6. Al Zahrawi, Surgeon El Zafra, near Cordoba, Spain (936 – 1013)
Al-Zahrawi is considered one of the fathers of modern surgery. His idea was to use animal intestines for sutures inside the body. The animal’s intestine dissolves naturally without causing an immune reaction, so there is no need for additional surgery. This is still used in some counties today.
He is also known for inventing many surgical instruments, including forceps to assist in vaginal births.
5. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, astronomer and mathematician Baghdad, Iraq (1201 – 1274)
Al-Din al-Tusi is Treasure trove of astronomyThis is an incredibly accurate table of planetary motions that reconstructs the Roman astronomer Ptolemy’s existing planetary model by describing the uniform circular motion of all the planets in their orbits. This research later led to the discovery by one of his students that the planets actually have elliptical orbits.
Although Copernicus later drew heavily on the work of al-Din al-Tusi and his students, he did not approve of them, Massoud said. The gradual erosion of the Ptolemaic system paved the way for the revolutionary idea that the Earth actually revolved around the Sun.
4. Ibn Sina, medical researcher Bukhara, Uzbekistan (980 – 1037)
Ibn-Sina made important contributions to the fields of physics, optics, philosophy, and medicine.he wrote medical norms, a text used to teach student doctors in Europe until the 1600s. He identified nerve cells as responsible for transmitting pain signals, and his detailed observations of disease vectors, including soil, air, touch, and sex, helped shape the future direction of the medical profession. influenced.
3. Ibn al-Nafis, surgeon Damascus, Syria (1213 – 1288)
Ibn al-Nafis, often referred to as the “father of circulatory physiology,” identified pulmonary transport, in which blood enters the heart from the right atrium and exits through the right ventricle to reach the lungs, where it is reoxygenated and passed through did. It travels back through the left atrium of the heart and back into the body.
Before this, it was thought that blood only seeped through the holes between the ventricles and did not pass through the lungs.
2. Jabir ibn Hayyan, alchemist Toth, Iran (721 – 815)
Jabir was an alchemist (from “al-kimya”) who, in his quest to make gold from other metals, discovered strong acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid. He was the first to identify aqua regia, a volatile mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids, which was the only substance capable of dissolving gold.
To control the monsters he created, Jabir produced an alkali (“al-Kali”) that neutralized its acidic counterpart. It is debatable whether Jabir first used or described distillation, but he carried out distillation in his laboratory using an alembic (from “al-inbiq”), an old-fashioned iconic flask. There is no doubt that he is the first person.
1. Al-Khwarizmi, Mathematician Persia (780 – 850)
Can you imagine trying to multiply or divide two numbers on paper if they are written in Roman numerals? Thanks to Al-Khwarizmi, you don’t have to. He created a comprehensive guide to a numbering system using just ten digits (0-9, so-called “Arabic numerals”) that evolved from the Indian Brahmi system.
Al-Khwarizmi also used the word algebra (‘al-jabr’) to describe the mathematical operations he introduced, such as equilibrium equations, which were useful for some of our everyday problems. “What’s interesting is that algebra evolved out of a need to solve a religious problem, namely the complicated Islamic inheritance system,” Massoud says.
Peer review
After the Prophet Muhammad died in 632, Islamic scholars sought a way to verify his words. They developed a pre-publication peer review system. A century later, at the beginning of the Golden Age, the first scientists adopted a similar method. It is still used in all sciences today.
Related article: Nine scientists named Kavli Prize winners
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